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William Montague Cobb (1904–1990) was an American board-certified physician and a physical anthropologist.[1] As the first African-American Ph.D in anthropology, and the only one until after the Korean War,[2] his main focus in the anthropological discipline was studying the idea of race and its negative impact on communities of color. He was also the first African-American President of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[3] His career both as a physician and a professor at Howard University was dedicated to the advancement of African-American researchers and he was heavily involved in civil rights activism.[4] Cobb wrote prolifically and contributed both popular and scholarly articles during the course of his career. His work has been noted as a significant contribution to the development of the sub-discipline of biocultural anthropology during the first half of the 20th century.[5] Cobb was also an accomplished educator and taught over 5000 students in the social and health sciences during his lifetime.[6]
Cobb was born on October 12, 1904, in Washington DC. His mother, Alexizne Montague Cobb, grew up in Massachusetts and was partly of Native American descent. His father, William Elmer Cobb, grew up in Selma, Alabama. His parents met in Washington DC when his father started his own printing business for the African-American community.
The tipping point for Cobb's initial interest in anthropology came from a book of the animal kingdom that his grandfather owned. In this book, there were illustrations of human beings separated by race, but were illustrated with what Cobb called "equal dignity." This led to an interest in the concept of race, as the same type of "equal dignity" was not granted in the society that surrounded Cobb's life.[2]
Cobb attended Dunbar High School, a highly esteemed Washington, DC. African-American high school in 1917.[4] He was a successful student and athlete, and went on to win championships in cross-country as well as lightweight and welterweight boxing during his high school and collegiate years.[6] He married Hilda B. Smith, Ruth Smith Lloyd's sister, and they had two children.[7][8] Cobb died of pneumonia on November 20, 1990, at the age of 86.[4]
Following his graduation from Dunbar High School in 1921, Cobb earned his Bachelor of Arts from Amherst College in 1925. Following completion of his baccalaureate degree, he received a Blodgett Scholarship for proficiency in biology which allowed him to pursue research in embryology at Woods Hole Marine Biology Laboratory.[4] He earned his MD (Doctor of Medicine) in 1929 from the Howard University Medical School. He worked jobs throughout his time in medical school.[1] Cobb then accepted a position at Howard University which he was offered prior to his graduation.[4] Numa P. G. Adams, who was the Dean of Howard University at the time, was assigned the task of organizing a new faculty of African-American physicians to help advance the school in the medical field. Cobb, in turn had the aspirations of creating a laboratory of anatomy and physical anthropology at Howard University that would have the resources for African-American scholars to contribute to debates in racial biology. As a part of Dean Adams' efforts, Cobb was sent to study under biological anthropologist T. Wingate Todd at Case Western Reserve University.[2] Cobb's dissertation work was an expansive survey of the Hamann-Todd Skeletal Collection, a large skeletal population now housed at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History which is associated with Case Western Reserve University.[4] He earned his Ph.D in Anthropology in 1932 and his dissertation was published under the title Human Archives the following year.[4]
Following the conferral of his doctorate, Cobb remained at Case Western Reserve University as a fellow, where he continued work on the Hamman-Todd Collection with a focus on cranial suture closure. His 1940 publication "Cranio-Facial Union in Man" produced as a result of this work established his expertise as a functional anatomist and is one of his most widely cited works to date.[5] During this period, Cobb also worked with physical anthropologist Aleš Hrdlička on a survey of the skeletal collection at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.[4] He returned to the Howard University Medical School in 1930 where he taught for the majority of his career and established the W. Montague Cobb Skeletal Collection.[6] He became the university's first distinguished professor in 1969 and became professor emeritus in 1973.[4] In addition to his work at Howard, Cobb also taught at Stanford University, the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, the University of Washington, the University of Maryland, West Virginia University, Harvard Medical School, the Medical College of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and the Catholic University of America during his lifetime.[6]
Cobb was heavily involved with a number of anthropological and medical organizations during his career. He was an active member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists since its second meeting in 1930 and served on its board on multiple occasions, both as its vice president (1948–50 and 1954–56) and president (1957–59). He also held leadership roles with the Anthropological Society of Washington, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Eugenics Society, and the Medico-Chirurgical Society of the District of Columbia. He also served as chairman on the Council of Medical Education and Hospitals for two terms (1948–63).[4]
Throughout his lifetime Cobb pursued work aimed at furthering the opportunities of African Americans both within society in general and within the health sciences. He was an active member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and served as its president from 1976 to 1982.[4] He created the Imhotep Conferences on Hospital Integration in 1957 as a part of the NAACP, an annual conference seeking to end hospital and medical school segregation that continued until 1964.[9] He was an active member of the National Medical Association, an organization dedicated to the advancement of African-American physicians and other health professionals.[4][10] He was a longtime contributor to its journal, the Journal of the National Medical Association, of which he served as editor from 1944 to his death in 1990. He also served as the organization's president from 1964 to 1965.[4] In addition to his involvement in both African-American and European American-led professional organizations and journals, Cobb was active in community outreach through work on race and health published in popular African-American magazines such as Negro Digest, Pittsburgh Courier, and Ebony.[4]
Throughout his career, Cobb applied his technical expertise in functional anatomy and medicine to a variety of topics, including the issues of African-American health, child development, and disproving scientific justifications for racism. His approach has been characterized as a form of applied anthropology and activist scholarship.[4] His work explicitly critiqued hierarchical understandings of human variation, and he often subverted racist evolutionary arguments through highlighting the resiliency of African Americans. He took as an example the experience of the Transatlantic slave trade which he argued acted as a selective pressure and would have led to a genetically stronger population relative to European Americans who did not experience this population bottleneck.[5]
Cobb often used his expertise in anatomy and biology in order to combat racist explanations for perceived differences between African Americans and European Americans. One of the most widely cited studies in this effort was Cobb's "Race and Runners," published in 1936. In this work, Cobb took the case of Jesse Owens to dispel the idea that his success as a quadruple gold medal winner could be explained by his " African-American genes," an argument that stemmed from the idea that Black people were stronger and more athletic than whites at the cost of decreased intelligence.[5] Proponents of this idea often pointed to the supposed existence of extra musculature or differences in nerve thicknesses that allowed African-American athletes to excel relative to European Americans. Cobb addressed this question by surveying the anatomical characteristics of Owens as well as other prominent African Americans in different sports. Cobb demonstrated that not only could their successes not be explained by a shared racial trait, the physiology that would make a superior athlete in one sport would be very different from another. Instead, Cobb accounted for the achievements of African-American athletes relative to European Americans in sports as due to "training and incentive" rather than any "special physical endowment".[11]
During the latter years of his career, Cobb took a more philosophical approach to his anatomical perspective of humanity. He often used biological metaphors to point to key issues within society. Cobb's most prominent philosophical contribution was arguably his 1975 publication, "An anatomist's view of human relations. Homo sanguinis versus Homo sapiens--mankind's present dilemma".[4] This work focused primarily on the fundamental conflict in human nature he described as being between the civilized people suggested by our binomial designation Homo sapiens ("Man the Wise") and the much older and violent organism he described via his coined term Homo sanguinus ("Man the bloody").[12] Cobb described the recent "adaptations" of civilization and ethics as similar to recently evolved anatomical traits like bipedalism, a key human trait which has nonetheless resulted in a host of health conditions due to our lineage's adaptations for quadrupedal locomotion. Cobb argued that man the wise is up against the ancient evolutionary tradition of man as a "bloody, predatory primate" and that this history of violence and hatred will thus be difficult to overcome.[12] Cobb's final presented publication in 1988, "Human Variation: Informing the Public," applied his Homo sanguinus more closely to the rapid cultural change of the late 20th century.[4] Cobb saw this period of rapid development as both a key opportunity for continued progress against racism and other forms of inequality and a potential for such issues to become more firmly embedded within the system of the society: "Just as an embryological defect cannot be corrected, so our mammoth construction programs can be wrong, which is not obvious until it is too late."[13]
Cobb distinguished himself by representing the pursuit of social responsibility in the field of anthropology, as well as by being an activist scholar who often applied anthropological methods to issues of racism and inequality.[4] He undertook studies within the scope of his expertise in anatomy that aimed at disproving racist explanations for social difference. He believed that scholars must take responsibility "not only for their own thoughts and actions but also for their own society" because the values that are expressed in scientific work, whether subtly or overtly, are key in the shaping of culture and society.[2] He was one of the first anthropologist to undertake a demographic analysis that illustrated the consequences of segregation and racism on the African-American population, and he wanted to create the resources so he would not be the last.[4] One of Cobb's greatest contributions to this end is the expansive skeletal collection he curated during his time at Howard University which is now housed at the university's W. Montague Cobb Research Laboratory, a research laboratory led by biological anthropologist Fatimah Jackson that also houses the New York African Burial Ground collection.[1]
Cobb was long involved in African descendants' struggle for freedom, justice, and equality. He assumed a number of roles in African-American-led organizations, including the National Urban League and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, and he was a longtime editor of the first African-American medical journal, the Journal of the National Medical Association.[14] He was a member of the board of directors for the NAACP from 1949 until his death and president from 1976 to 1982.[4] Cobb played a key role in efforts to expand access to medical care through his active leadership in the National Medical Association, and this activism led to his testimony to congress during the hearings leading up to the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. He was present at the signing of this bill into law by invitation of President Lyndon B. Johnson.[15][16]
During his lifetime, Cobb was honored by more than 100 organizations for his efforts as a scholar and as an activist, including the American Association for Anatomy's highest award, the Henry Gray Award, which he received for his outstanding contributions in the field in 1980.[4] He was also the recipient of the U.S. Navy's Distinguished Public Service Award and received honorary doctorates from several institutions, including the Medical College of Wisconsin, Georgetown University, the University of the Witwatersrand, Morgan State University, Howard University, and Amherst College.[6] The American Association for Anatomy named the W.M. Cobb Award in Morphological Sciences after Cobb to honor his legacy with its first recipient in 2020.[17]
- "Human Archives" – 1932.
- "Race and Runners" –1936.
- "Cranio Facial Union of Man" – 1940.
- "The Cranio-Facial Union and the Maxillary Tuber in Mammals" – 1943.
- "Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro in Medicine" – 1947.
- "An anatomist's view of human relations. Homo sanguinis versus Homo sapiens--mankind's present dilemma" – 1975.
- "Human Rights—A New Fight in Cultural Evolution" – 1978.
- "The Black American in Medicine" – 1981.
- "Human Variation: Informing the Public" – 1988.
In addition those listed above, Cobb had more than 1100 publications on various topics.[5]
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THE LEGACY OF WILLIAM MONTAGUE COBB, MD, PhD (1 904- 990) 1 Melvin 1. Douglass, PhD Huntington Station, New York The number of people whose lives have been affected by Dr William Montague Cobb is relatively small compared to the wide ranging impact of a Michael Jordan or an Oprah Winfrey. Nevertheless, the importance of Dr Cobb's life is so much greater than that of these well-known figures because Dr Cobb has taught and inspired men and women who have risen to positions of importance far beyond what their numbers suggest. They are the professors, physicians, and other professionals who are the driving forces of our society. EARLY LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT William Montague Cobb was born on October 12, 1904 in Washington, DC. He was the only child of William Elmer, a printer, and Alexzine (Montague) Cobb, a teacher. Cobb's parents taught him how to read and write before he entered school1: During his formative years, according to Cobb, before he reached school age he learned the basic rudiments of reading, writing, and computing from his mother. It was not long before he was able to read some of the magazines and books in the family's library. He also read religious materials that he received in his Sunday School class at the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church. When Cobb entered the segregated elementary schools (Patterson and Garnet) in Washington, DC, he was one of the best students in the class. In 1917, Cobb attended Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The high school was named after the black writer and poet. At Dunbar, he was an outstanding student and athlete. His Requests for reprints should be addressed to Dr Melvin I. Douglass, Depts of English and Social Studies, Henry L. Stimson Middle School, 401 Oakwood Rd, Huntington Station, NY 1 1746. efforts earned him a scholarship to Amherst College, located in Amherst, Massachusetts. While at Amherst, Cobb continued to be outstanding in the classroom and on the playing field.2 To quote his biographical summary: "He.. .won college cross-country championships at Amherst and in successive years was college lightweight and welterweight boxing champion."2 Cobb received the AB degree from Amherst College in 1925. He also won the Blodgett Scholarship from the college that same year.2 Among the outstanding student athletes at Amherst College during Cobb's four years were: Charles Drew, who became a scientist; Mercer Cook, who became a US ambassador; and William Hasite, who became a federal judge. All of these men were also former students of Dunbar High School in Washington, DC. After graduation, Cobb enrolled at the Howard University College of Medicine. In 1929, he received the MD degree. Dr Cobb was licensed for the practice of medicine and surgery in the District of Columbia in 1930. His desire to learn as much as possible caused him to enroll in the PhD program at Western Reserve University. In 1932, Dr Cobb received a doctoral degree in anatomy His dissertation was titled "Human Archives."2 CAREER Urged by his former teacher, Dr Numa P.G. Adams, Dr Cobb entered the teaching profession. He started his career as an instructor in the anatomy department at Howard University College of Medicine in 1930 and ended his career as Distinguished Professor Emeritus in 1973. During this time, Dr Cobb taught more than 5000 medical, dental, and graduate students in the healthrelated sciences.2 While teaching his students, he would frequently mix the study of philosophy with the study of medicine. Dr JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 84, NO. 10 885 MEDICAL HISTORY Cobb did so by asking the students to come up with an example of "new wisdom" for which he could not find an antecedent. He contended that there is a constant explosion of new knowledge but there is no new wisdom in the world.2 At his beloved alma mater, Dr Cobb built a collection of over 600 documented skeletons, a comparative anatomy museum in the gross anatomy laboratory, and a comprehensive collection of casts of fossil primates, hominids, and men.2 According to his biographical summary3: The concept and goals of this work were described in a bound brochure produced in 1936 at Dr Cobb's expense, entitled, "The Laboratory of Anatomy and Physical Anthropology of Howard University." This book of 107 pages and 25 illustrations was very favorably reviewed by the distinguished biologist of Johns Hopkins University, Dr Raymond Pear. Dr Cobb taught anatomy in a rather unique fashion to students at Howard3: He developed a graphic method of teaching and learning anatomy in which students learn to draw outlines of the human figure with the skeleton in it according to a canon of proportions, and subsequently to draw in all the structures uncovered as the dissection proceeds. In addition to teaching at Howard University College of Medicine, he taught at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock, the University of Washington in Seattle, Stanford University, the University of Maryland, West Virginia University, Harvard Medical School, the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, and the Catholic University of America.3 During his teaching career, Dr Cobb authored nearly 700 published works. Among them are five books. In 1939, he wrote a small book entitled: The First Negro Medical Society: A History of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of the District of Columbia, 1844-1939. This historical treatise was published by Associated Publishers Inc under the supervision of Dr Carter G. Woodson. Dr Cobb had 1000 copies published for $650, of which half was to be submitted with the manuscript and the other half when the book was completed. He was told by Dr Woodson to sell the book for $2 per copy.4 "Incidentally, the price of this historical treatise is now $75. It is considered a collector's item."5 Dr Cobb also wrote an article that appeared in the Journal of Negro History. It was titled "Education in Human Biology: An Essential for the Present and Future." In addition to writing in historical journals, Dr Cobb was a contributing editor of the Journal of the National Medical Association (JNMA) for 28 years.2 While editor of the JNMA, he wrote numerous articles on prominent black figures such as Dr Charles Richard Drew, Dr Louis Tompkins Wright, Dr William Augustus Hinton, Dr Dorothy Boulding Ferebee, and Dr Jane Wright. As a result of his work, Dr Cobb was universally considered the principal historian of the black American in medicine. NAACP PAMPHLETS AND IMHOTEP CONFERENCES In 1947 and 1948, respectively, Dr Cobb wrote two pamphlets for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The first pamphlet was entitled "Medical Care and the Plight of the Negro." The second pamphlet was titled "Progress and Portents for the Negro in Medicine." Both of these scholarly works were well received by the medical community.2 With the aid of organizations like the NAACP and NMA, Dr Cobb organized the Imhotep National Conference on Hospital Integration. The purpose of the conference was to eliminate discrimination in our hospital systems through voluntary cooperation. There were seven Imhotep National Conferences in all.2 Dr Cobb pointed out that the Imhotep conference took its name from the Egyptian demigod of medicine who lived about 3000 BC. Imhotep was the first historical figure in medicine. His name means "He who cometh in peace."2 ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES In addition to his work with the Imhotep National Conference, Dr Cobb was involved with other organizations. He was president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 1957-1959; the Anthropological Society of Washington, 1949-1951; NMA, 1964-1965; and NAACP, 1976-1982. He was also chairman of the NAACP Search and Screening Committee for an Executive Director in 1976.2 It was the NAACP's Search and Screening Committee that was primarily responsible for the hiring of Benjamin Lawson Hooks, the first black member of the Federal Communications Commission, to the post of Executive Director of the NAACP. Dr Cobb welcomed the appointment of Hooks. He stated that Benjamin L. Hooks understood "the vital role of communications in everyday life and communicating the goals, policies, and programs of the NAACP 886 JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 84, NO. 10 MEDICAL HISTORY to the world, particularly to those citizens denied freedom and justice." ' In 1980, Dr Cobb had the pleasure of presenting the NAACP's highest award, the Spingarn Medal, to Rayford W. Logan for his monographs on conditions that affect blacks.6 HONORS Because of his outstanding contributions to medicine and civil rights, Dr Cobb received numerous awards. Among them are the Distinguished Public Service Award, "for exceptionally outstanding contributions to the US Navy in the fields of equal opportunity and community relations." Dr Cobb also received an honorary doctorate from Howard University (DHL, 1980), the Medical College of Wisconsin (ScD, 1979), Georgetown University (ScD, 1978), the University of the Witwatersrand (LLD, 1977), Morgan State College (LLD, 1964), and Amherst College (ScD, 1955). When the latter honorary degree was conferred on Dr Cobb, it was said to him: Author of scores of learned articles and works, you have cast light on such diverse subjects as the dentition of the walrus, the effects of aging on the human skeleton, graphical techniques of teaching anatomy, and the physical anthropology of the American Negro. Teacher, scholar, scientist, physician, you have strived valiantly for the cause of interracial justice and understanding and by your efforts that cause has been measurably advanced in the whole field of medical care. In 1981, Dr Cobb was selected by Ciba-Geigy Corporation for its "Exceptional Black Scientists Poster Series." One year earlier, he was the subject of the writer's doctoral dissertation entitled "The Black Family as a Matrix of Achievement: The Historical Case of Dr William Montague Cobb." The study was the first in-depth historical study of Dr Cobb and certain key members of his family. It is housed in the library at Columbia University in New York City. EPILOGUE Dr Cobb's family was important to him, but his work was also important. He devoted his life to medical scholarship and civic leadership. As a result, Dr Cobb's contributions were numerous. Yet, his death on November 20, 1990 in Washington, DC, was not widely publicized in the media. Dr Cobb is survived by two daughters, Carolyn Wilkerson and Amelia Gray, and four grandchildren. His wife of 47 years, Hilda B. Smith, died in 1976. "Sic transit gloria mundi." (Thus passes the glory of the world.)2 Literature Cited 1. Douglass MI. The Black Family as a Matrix of Achievement: The Historical Case of Dr William Montague Cobb. New York, NY: Columbia University Teachers College; 1981. Doctoral dissertation. 2. Douglass Ml. Dr William Montague Cobb (1904-1990): the principal historian of Afro-Americans in medicine. Crisis Magazine. 1991;98:30-31, 40. 3. Cobb WM. Biographical Summary. Washington, DC; 1981:1-3. 4. Cobb WM. Carter Godwin Woodson. Negro History Bulletin. 1973;36:152-153. 5. Douglass Ml. Carter Godwin Woodson: a biography. The Prince Hall Sentinel. 1990;40:15. 6. Douglass MI. Black Winners: A History of Spingarn Medalists, 1915-1983. New York, NY: Theo Gaus Ltd; 1984. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 84, NO. 10
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